Foundation Models for Automatic CAD Generation

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) enable the automatic generation of parametric 3D designs from natural-language specifications.

This chapter presents an empirical study of foundation models for automatic Computer-Aided Design (CAD) generation of mechanical parts, using a unified evaluation pipeline and a curated benchmark of 97 engineering design problems.

We introduce LLMForge, a multi-model text-to-CAD framework integrating JSON-schema validation, analytic feature scoring, mesh synthesis, and multi-round iterative refinement, studied under two critique regimes.

IterTracer uses a Phong-shaded ray-trace renderer with analytic visual metrics (silhouette IoU, hole visibility, edge clearance, aspect-ratio conformance) for lightweight geometry-aware feedback across rounds.

IterVision replaces the analytic scorer with a VLM semantic critic (Qwen2.5-VL-72B) that evaluates rendered views via chain-of-thought visual reasoning, assessing spatial coherence and design intent.

On a benchmark spanning four canonical geometry families (plates with holes and bolt circles, multi-feature boxes, flanged cylinders, and L-brackets), we evaluate seven foundation models: DeepSeek-V3.2, Qwen3-235B-A22B, Llama-3.3-70B, Gemma-3-27B, GLM-4.5, MiniMax-M2.1, and INTELLECT.

Under IterTracer, the four highest-ranked models form a tight cluster (overall mean in [0.885, 0.890]) with 98.97% mesh success, showing that compact instruction-tuned models can match substantially larger systems.

VLM-based critique in IterVision yields 100% watertight mesh generation on the leading model while surfacing systematic difficulty on rotationally symmetric geometries such as cylinders, where visual and semantic scoring diverge most.

We discuss benchmark design, failure modes, CAD-oriented prompting, and implications for industrial workflows and scalable automated mechanical design.