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Türkiye: Basic Needs Sector Dashboard - National - May 2026
Country: Türkiye Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees Please refer to the attached Infographic.
🌐 국제기구 · "REFUGE" · 총 100건
필터 보기현재 지수
50.0
0 = 부정 우세
50 = 중립
100 = 긍정 우세
최근 7일 기준 5,955건을 분석한 결과, 뉴스 심리지수는 50.0(균형)입니다. 긍정 0건(0.0%)·중립 5,955건(100.0%)·부정 0건(0.0%)이며, 중립 비중이 뚜렷하게 높습니다. 성향 지수는 종합 0.0(중도 균형)입니다.
Country: Türkiye Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees Please refer to the attached Infographic.
Country: Türkiye Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees Please refer to the attached Infographic.
Countries: Ethiopia, South Sudan Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees Please refer to the attached file. Highlights UNHCR and partners strengthened protection delivery through coordinated relocation efforts, ensuring safer living conditions and improved access to essential services for refugees in Luakdong. Community-based protection interventions remained active, with child-friendly spaces and awareness campaigns providing psychosocial support and promoting protection from gender-based violence and harmful practices. Engagement with refugee communities, including children and adolescents, enhanced participation in protection activities and social cohesion. Ongoing border monitoring and protection assessments provided insights into the needs and risks faced by newly arriving populations, informing timely and targeted responses across the operational areas.
Countries: South Sudan, Central African Republic, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Uganda, World Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees Please refer to the attached Infographic.
Countries: South Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees Please refer to the attached Infographic.
Countries: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, World Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees Please refer to the attached Infographic.
Countries: Ethiopia, World Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees Please refer to the attached Infographic.
Country: World Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees Please refer to the attached Infographic.
Countries: Sudan, World Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees Please refer to the attached Infographic.
Countries: Sudan, Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees Please refer to the attached Infographic.
Countries: Uganda, World Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees Please refer to the attached Infographic.
Country: Rwanda Source: World Food Programme Please refer to the attached file. In April, WFP reached 176,949 people through the provision of 224 MT of food and USD 551,549 cash-based transfers (CBT). Despite the high and growing vulnerability of refugees in Rwanda, WFP continued to provide 50 percent ration for all targeted refugees as well as Rwandan returnees due to funding constraints. WFP requires a total of USD 13.1 million to sustain its operations for the next six months (May- October 2026), representing 53 percent of the total funding requirement for planned activities. Out of this, USD 11.5 million is urgently needed to ensure the continuation of vital food assistance for targeted refugees, asylum seekers, and returnees.
Country: World Sources: Government of Algeria, Government of Andorra, Government of Australia, Government of Austria, Government of Belgium, Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Government of Botswana, Government of Brazil, Government of Bulgaria, Government of Cabo Verde, Government of Cambodia, Government of Canada, Government of Chile, Government of Colombia, Government of Costa Rica, Government of Croatia, Government of Cyprus, Government of Denmark, Government of El Salvador, Government of Estonia, Government of Finland, Government of France, Government of Gabon, Government of Georgia, Government of Germany, Government of Greece, Government of Guatemala, Government of Guyana, Government of Hungary, Government of Iceland, Government of Indonesia, Government of Ireland, Government of Italy, Government of Japan, Government of Jordan, Government of Kenya, Government of Kyrgyzstan, Government of Latvia, Government of Lebanon, Government of Liberia, Government of Montenegro, Government of Mozambique, Government of Myanmar, Government of New Zealand, Government of Norway, Government of Panama, Government of Peru, Government of Poland, Government of Portugal, Government of Romania, Government of San Marino, Government of Senegal, Government of Sierra Leone, Government of Singapore, Government of South Africa, Government of Spain, Government of Sudan, Government of Sweden, Government of Switzerland, Government of the Bahamas, Government of the Central African Republic, Government of the Czech Republic, Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Government of the Dominican Republic, Government of the Netherlands, Government of the Philippines, Government of the Republic of Armenia, Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Government of the Republic of Korea, Government of the Republic of Moldova, Government of the Republic of Slovenia, Government of the Slovak Republic, Government of the State of Palestine, Government of the United Kingdom, Government of Timor-Leste, Government of Türkiye, Government of Ukraine, Government of Uruguay, Government of Viet Nam, League of Arab States Please refer to the attached file. We, 88 delegations, stand together to reaffirm that the protection of civilians must remain at the center of the United Nations’ peace and security, humanitarian, and human rights efforts. At a time of growing needs, shrinking resources, and institutional reform, we commit to translate political will into concrete action to make civilian protection a reality on the ground. Accordingly: 1) We commit to place the Protection of Civilians agenda as a core political priority across the United Nations system, including the Security Council, General Assembly, and other relevant fora throughout the cycle of conflict. To this end, through our multilateral engagement, we will advance dialogue, diplomacy, mediation, and the peaceful settlement of disputes as the most effective means of protecting civilians. We will strive to prevent conflict escalation and address drivers of violence before they result in civilian harm. We will respect international humanitarian law, as well as international human rights law and refugee law, and we will use our diplomatic influence to promote its respect, recognizing that respecting international law is an essential prerequisite for the protection of civilians. We will ensure timely, consistent, and decisive political action wherever civilians are at risk or suffering serious harms during armed conflict, advocate for safe, rapid and unimpeded humanitarian access to all civilians in need and seek accountability for attacks on humanitarian personnel. We will also engage to ensure accountability for all violations, including by advocating for systematic investigations and prosecution of suspects, acknowledgement of harm caused, and meaningful amends to affected civilians 2) We commit to support ongoing reform processes, including institutional restructuring and system-wide efficiency measures, with a view to strengthen rather than weaken protection outcomes for civilians. To this end, in the framework of UN80 and other reforms, we will advocate for reforms that sustain field-level protection capacities and preserve information gathering to allow for evidence-based reporting and decision-making. We will leverage ongoing discussions to strengthen protection mechanisms and further deepen synergies across the Peace and Security, Development, and Human Rights pillars of the United Nations. We will support a humanitarian reset that enables principled humanitarian action with protection at its core. We will work to ensure that any changes in humanitarian financing, coordination, and operational models do not increase risks to local actors or leave vulnerable populations behind. 3) We commit to prioritize the protection of civilians in times of financial constraints and limited resources. To this end, we will strive so that budget reductions and financial austerity do not undermine protection functions and enable the adequate implementation of protection mandates. We will guide resource allocation decision with a view to protect civilians. We will strive to provide sustained, flexible, and direct funding to local and national protection actors, recognizing that they are the first to respond and last to leave. We will promote the strategic use of limited resources to strengthen protection outcomes and pursue predictable and sustainable financing for activities that reduce harm to civilians and uphold their rights. We will repeat it as long as it is needed: civilians must be protected. It is not only an obligation under international law, but also a moral duty. I thank you. 1. Switzerland 2. Algeria 3. Andorra 4. Armenia 5. Australia 6. Austria 7. Bahamas 8. Belgium 9. Bosnia and Herzegovina 10. Botswana 11. Brazil 12. Bulgaria 13. Cabo Verde 14. Cambodia 15. Canada 16. Central African Republic 17. Chile 18. Colombia 19. Costa Rica 20. Croatia 21. Cyprus 22. Czech Republic 23. Democratic Republic of the Congo 24. Denmark 25. Dominican Republic 26. El Salvador 27. Estonia 28. Finland 29. France 30. Gabon 31. Georgia 32. Germany 33. Greece 34. Guatemala 35. Guyana 36. Hungary 37. Iceland 38. Indonesia 39. Ireland 40. Italy 41. Japan 42. Jordan 43. Kazakhstan 44. Kenya 45. Kyrgyzstan 46. Latvia 47. League of Arab States 48. Lebanon 49. Liberia 50. Liechtenstein 51. Lithuania 52. Luxembourg 53. Malta 54. Mexico 55. Monaco 56. Mongolia 57. Montenegro 58. Morocco 59. Mozambique 60. Myanmar 61. Netherlands 62. New Zealand 63. Norway 64. State of Palestine 65. Panama 66. Peru 67. Philippines 68. Poland 69. Portugal 70. Republic of Korea 71. Republic of Moldova 72. Republic of Türkiye 73. Romania 74. San Marino 75. Senegal 76. Sierra Leone 77. Singapore 78. Slovakia 79. Slovenia 80. South Africa 81. Spain 82. Sudan 83. Sweden 84. Timor-Leste 85. Ukraine 86. United Kingdom 87. Uruguay 88. Viet Nam Signatories as of 22 May 2026
Country: Ethiopia Sources: CCCM Cluster, International Organization for Migration, Shelter Cluster, UN High Commissioner for Refugees Please refer to the attached file. Situation Overview The humanitarian situation in Ethiopia continues to be shaped by climatic shocks, localized insecurity, prolonged displacement, and increasing pressure on already limited humanitarian resources. Many displaced and vulnerable households remain in collective centers, displacement sites, and host communities, facing inadequate shelter conditions, overcrowding, limited access to essential household items, and gaps in site level coordination and service delivery. With the upcoming rainy season, there is increasing concern over aging and temporary shelters in several locations, particularly in areas exposed to flooding, strong winds, and poor site conditions. At the same time, service delivery gaps and poorly performing indicators in some displacement sites continue to highlight the need for strengthened CCCM and shelter and NFI interventions, particularly in overcrowded and underserved locations. Operational challenges including fuel shortages, inflation, low-quality shelter materials in local markets, concentration of humanitarian organizations in limited locations, reports of eviction and unavailability of land in some areas, and funding gaps, continue to affect the scale, coverage and timelessness for CCCM, HLP and shelter and NFI responses, while significant humanitarian needs persist across multiple regions.
Country: Ukraine Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees Resumen de las declaraciones de Bernadette Castel Hollingworth, Representante de ACNUR en Ucrania, en la rueda de prensa celebrada hoy en el Palacio de las Naciones, en Ginebra. Kiev – El recrudecimiento de los ataques rusos en toda Ucrania está causando un aumento de víctimas civiles, obligando a miles de personas a abandonar sus hogares y dificultando gravemente las operaciones humanitarias en el país, mientras la guerra a gran escala entra en su quinto año. El pasado 20 de mayo, un almacén en Dnipró, en el este de Ucrania, alquilado por ACNUR, la Agencia de la ONU para los Refugiados, fue alcanzado directamente por un misil durante un ataque aéreo ruso contra la ciudad. El bombardeo causó al menos dos muertos, dejó varios heridos y provocó daños de consideración, destruyendo unos 900 palés de artículos de primera necesidad y material de refugio —valorados en más de un millón de dólares— que estaban listos para ser distribuidos entre personas desplazadas y afectadas por la guerra en las zonas del frente. ACNUR ha trasladado sus condolencias a los familiares de las víctimas y a todas las personas afectadas por el ataque, así como por el conjunto de bombardeos contra civiles. Se trata del primer ataque contra una instalación de ACNUR desde el inicio de la invasión rusa a gran escala. Además de privar a miles de personas de ayuda esencial, este tipo de acciones debilita la respuesta humanitaria en un momento en el que las necesidades son más acuciantes que nunca. El ataque contra el almacén se produce en medio de una escalada más amplia de bombardeos en todo el país. Solo esta semana, ataques mortales han alcanzado las regiones de Sumi y Chernígov, en el norte de Ucrania. El pasado fin de semana, otra ofensiva de gran envergadura sobre Dnipró y Odesa causó decenas de muertos y heridos. Menos de una semana antes, un ataque combinado con drones y misiles sobre Kiev provocó el derrumbe de un edificio residencial y la muerte de al menos 25 personas. Según la Misión de Vigilancia de los Derechos Humanos en Ucrania, al menos 815 civiles han muerto y 4.174 han resultado heridos en los cuatro primeros meses del año, lo que supone un incremento del 21 % respecto al mismo periodo de 2025. Al mismo tiempo, los desplazamientos forzosos y las evacuaciones desde las zonas cercanas al frente continúan sin tregua. Desde comienzos de 2026, cerca de 47.000 personas evacuadas han pasado por centros de tránsito apoyados por ACNUR, aunque se estima que la cifra real es mayor, ya que muchas familias huyen sin registrarse en estas instalaciones. La mayoría llega con escasas pertenencias y en situaciones de especial vulnerabilidad, como personas mayores, con movilidad reducida o con discapacidad. ACNUR y sus organizaciones socias siguen prestando apoyo a las familias recién evacuadas y a las afectadas por la guerra mediante la entrega de materiales de emergencia para refugio, ayudas económicas y asistencia legal y psicosocial. La organización también alerta del creciente peligro al que se enfrentan los trabajadores humanitarios que operan cerca de la línea del frente. La semana pasada, dos convoyes de la ONU claramente identificados fueron alcanzados por drones en incidentes distintos: un camión que transportaba ayuda en la región de Dnipropetrovsk, cuyo conductor se recupera de sus heridas, y otro convoy que se dirigía a Ostriv, una de las zonas más castigadas de la región de Jersón, que, por fortuna, no dejó víctimas. ACNUR rinde homenaje al coraje, la dedicación y la perseverancia de los trabajadores humanitarios y voluntarios que continúan prestando asistencia vital pese a los enormes riesgos y las condiciones extremas. Su labor sigue siendo imprescindible para millones de personas afectadas por la guerra. Los ataques reiterados contra personal humanitario constituyen una clara violación del derecho internacional humanitario: ni la población civil ni quienes prestan asistencia humanitaria deberían ser jamás objetivo de ataques. Para más información, por favor, contacta con: En Kiev, Iryna Tymchyshyn, tymchysh@unhcr.org, +38 (050) 474 35 12 En Ginebra (regional), Kathryn Porteous, porteous@unhcr.org, +41 79 557 91 46 En Ginebra, Matthew Saltmarsh, saltmars@unhcr.org, +41 79 967 99 36
Country: Ukraine Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees This is a summary of what was said by Bernadette Castel-Hollingworth, UNHCR Representative in Ukraine – to whom quoted text may be attributed – at today's press briefing at the Palais des Nations in Geneva. KYIV – Intensifying Russian attacks across Ukraine are killing and injuring increasing numbers of civilians, forcing people to flee their homes and disrupting humanitarian operations in the country, as the fifth year of the full-scale war grinds on. On May 20, a warehouse in Dnipro, eastern Ukraine, leased by UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, was directly hit by a missile in a Russian airstrike on the city. The attack killed at least two people, injured others and caused significant damage, destroying some 900 pallets of basic aid items and shelter materials – valued at over $1 million – ready for distribution to displaced and war-affected people in frontline regions. UNHCR extends its deepest condolences to the loved ones of those affected by this attack, and indeed by all strikes against civilians. This was the first such attack on a UNHCR facility since the start of the full-scale Russian invasion. It has not only deprived people of critical assistance but also undermines the humanitarian response at a time when needs have never been greater. The warehouse strike came amid a broader escalation of attacks across the country. This week alone, deadly airstrikes also hit Sumy and Chernihiv regions in northern Ukraine. Last weekend, another large-scale attack on Dnipro and on Odesa reportedly killed and injured dozens of civilians. Less than a week ago, a combined drone and missile attack on Kyiv caused a residential building to collapse, claiming at least 25 lives. According to the Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine (HRMMU), at least 815 civilians were killed and 4,174 injured during the first four months of the year – 21 per cent higher than during the same period last year. At the same time, forced displacement and evacuations from frontline regions continue at pace. Since the start of 2026, nearly 47,000 evacuees have passed through UNHCR-supported transit centres; however, the actual number of people displaced is believed to be higher, as many families flee without seeking support at the transit facilities. Evacuees arrive with few belongings and many are vulnerable, including elderly people and those with reduced mobility or disabilities. UNHCR and our NGO partners continue to provide assistance to newly evacuated and war-affected families, including emergency shelter materials, cash assistance, and legal and psychosocial support. UNHCR is also alarmed by the growing risks faced by humanitarian workers operating near the front line. Last week, two clearly marked UN convoys with humanitarian workers were hit by drones: one truck delivering aid in Dnipropetrovsk region, with the driver now recovering from his injuries; and a convoy on the way to Ostriv, one of the hardest hit areas in Kherson region, miraculously without injuries. UNHCR pays tribute to the courage, dedication and perseverance of humanitarian workers and volunteers who continue delivering life-saving assistance despite immense risks and extremely difficult conditions. Their work remains indispensable for millions affected by the war. The repeated attacks against humanitarians on duty are a clear violation of international law. Civilians and humanitarians must never be targets. For more information please contact: In Kyiv, Iryna Tymchyshyn, tymchysh@unhcr.org, +38 (050) 474 35 12 In Geneva (regional), Kathryn Porteous, porteous@unhcr.org, +41 79 557 91 46 In Geneva, Matthew Saltmarsh, saltmars@unhcr.org, +41 79 967 99 36
Countries: Egypt, Sudan Source: UN High Commissioner for Refugees Please refer to the attached Infographic.
Countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda Source: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Please refer to the attached file. On 15 May, the Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB) Kinshasa confirmed an outbreak of the Ebola virus in Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The virus, reported to have originated from the Mongbwalu, Bunia, and Rwampara health zones of Ituri province, has been confirmed as the Bundibugyo Virus Disease (BVD), a severe and often fatal strain. As of 19 May, more than 500 suspected cases, including 130 suspected deaths, have been reported by the Ministry of Health. So far, 33 cases have been confirmed in the DRC. The World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), due to the risk of further spread within the region, including across borders. Unlike previous outbreaks caused by the Zaire strain, this Bundibugyo strain does not currently have a licensed vaccine or specific targeted treatment, making community-based measures, early detection, supportive healthcare, and prevention efforts more critical than ever. The outbreak appears to have circulated for several weeks (with the first known case dated 24 April 2026) prior to confirmation as Ebola. The early presentation of cases with nonspecific febrile symptoms, common to endemic diseases such as malaria, combined with initial laboratory testing focused on the more common Zaire strain, contributed to delays in identification. As a result, transmission occurred in both community and healthcare settings before targeted control measures were fully implemented. Alongside multiple existing health risks in the eastern DRC, gaps in health practices may contribute to ongoing transmission of the Bundibugyo strain among communities and healthcare settings. Infection prevention and control (IPC) measures are not consistently applied, increasing the risk of transmission among health workers. The absence of an approved vaccine or specific treatment further emphasises reliance on core public health measures, including early detection, isolation, contact tracing, and supportive care, which require sustained operational capacity and resources. The outbreak comes just months after the DRC’s sixteenth Ebola outbreak in Kasai Province, which was declared over in December 2025. Authorities in Uganda have confirmed two BVD cases linked to cross-border movement from DRC into Kampala. The outbreak in Ituri Province in the DRC lies along the country’s northeastern border with Uganda, placing it in close geographic proximity to neighbouring Ugandan districts. Key affected areas in DRC, including Mongbwalu, Rwampara, and Bunia, are located within relatively short distances of the border, in some cases approximately 100-150 km, and are linked through active cross border routes. Bunia, the provincial capital, is connected to Uganda by a major road corridor of roughly 180 km, facilitating the regular movement of people and goods, while Lake Albert also provides commonly used boat crossing route. This geographic proximity, combined with high levels of cross-border mobility for trade, mining, and service access, substantially elevates the risk of cross-border transmission into Uganda. There is a heightened risk that refugee settlements in Uganda, particularly in the West Nile region, could be affected. These areas host large refugee populations from the eastern DRC and are situated close to the border, with strong social, economic, and family ties spanning both countries. Continuous population movement, already evidenced by imported cases into Uganda, combined with active trade routes, increases the likelihood of exposure. In addition, refugee settlements often face structural constraints such as overcrowding and limited health, water, and sanitation services, which could facilitate transmission if the virus is introduced. A key underlying driver of risk is high population mobility, especially along established transport corridors and informal border crossings. The movement of traders, transport workers, and mining communities between the eastern DRC and Uganda plays a significant role in potential disease spread, as mobility patterns are closely linked to early Ebola transmission dynamics. These cross‑border linkages, reinforced by routine economic activity and service access, further elevate the likelihood of transmission and underscore the need for strengthened surveillance, community engagement, and coordinated cross‑border response. South Sudan also faces a high risk of BVD importation due to its proximity to the DRC and increased cross-border movement, compounded by very high vulnerability and insecurity, with limited readiness capacity despite some baseline measures such as Safe and Dignified Burial (SDB) protocols and trained SDB teams.
Countries: Iran (Islamic Republic of), Afghanistan, Pakistan Source: Mixed Migration Centre Please refer to the attached Infographic. This infographic presents key findings on the migration experiences of Afghan and Pakistani refugees and migrants who passed through Iran en route to Türkiye. It examines respondents’ journeys through Iran, the conditions and protection risks they faced in the country, and their onward movements to Türkiye. Highlights ·The most common reasons for stopping in Iran were waiting for transport (31% of stops), earning money to pay for the next stretch of the journey (29%), and looking for smugglers (28%). The highest number of stops was recorded in Tehran, Zahedan, and Mashhad. ·Respondents most often experienced their greatest unmet assistance needs along the journey while in Iran. Needs were greatest in Tehran, Isfahan, and Urmia. Afghan respondents experienced protection risks at higher rates than Pakistanis; 39% of Afghans personally experienced physical violence in Iran, compared to 11% of Pakistanis. While Pakistani respondents had mostly considered Iran a transit country (81%), Afghans more commonly reported moving onwards due to their legal status (48%) or discrimination and hostility (42%). Background Iran is a key transit country for refugees and migrants from Afghanistan, Pakistan, and elsewhere seeking to reach Europe through the Eastern Mediterranean route. Recently, many Afghan refugees and migrants settled in Iran have been driven out of the country by largescale deportations and state-sponsored anti-Afghan sentiment. The ongoing war opposing Iran to Israel and the United States, and its 2025 preamble, have fuelled further departures from Iran. Barriers to research in Iran limit the availability of data on conditions of refugees and migrants in transit. Data collection with recent arrivals in Türkiye offers insight into their experiences in Iran.
Countries: World, Canary Islands (Spain), Mauritania, Morocco Source: Mixed Migration Centre Please refer to the attached file. This paper examines migrant smuggling dynamics and protection risks on irregular journeys to the Canary Islands, based on 1,216 surveys conducted with migrants and refugees in Mauritania and Spain between March and September 2025, complemented by 11 in-depth qualitative interviews. Findings document the realities of the Atlantic crossing, the diversity of smuggling arrangements, and the conditions that drive people toward irregular routes. The paper calls for protection-sensitive, route-based programming and access to regular migration pathways. Key findings: Refugees and migrants arriving in Spain were much more likely to say they left because of violence (29%) or human rights concerns (28%) compared to those in Mauritania (7%). The dangers of the journey are widely known: however, when legal pathways and meaningful future prospects are absent, these risks are weighed against the certainty of harm at home, making high-risk movement a perceived necessity rather than a reckless decision. Maritime crossings to the Canary Islands primarily embark from Morocco (41%), Mauritania (30%), and Senegal (24%). A smaller number embarked from further south: 12 from Gambia, 5 from Guinea-Bissau, and 3 from Guinea, reflecting a trend toward longer routes to bypass heightened surveillance along northern coasts. Indeed, one in three embarkations left from countries south of Mauritania. More southerly embarkation points extend the time spent at sea and increase the dangers of the Atlantic crossing. 71% of those interviewed in Spain identified at least one location as dangerous along their journey. The Atlantic crossing remains the most dangerous, with the majority (64%) fearing death during the maritime crossing; but respondents also perceived risks in other locations, with Algeria being frequently reported among those who transited the country. While 40% of those who arrived in the Canary Islands used a smuggler for a portion of the journey, 16% did not use a smuggler, highlighting the existence of “self-organised” irregular journeys in especially among fishery communities. Around half of those who had considered migrating regularly said they resorted to irregular journeys with a smuggler because of the financial barriers to regular migration, or after a visa denial. Smuggling dynamics vary along the route: smuggling networks in Senegal and Gambia appear less systematic, compared to more organized structures operating from Morocco and Mauritania. There appears to be a link between smuggler use and perceived risk: respondents who did not use a smuggler on the Atlantic more often reported the Atlantic as dangerous, suggesting that smugglers may play a risk-mitigating role in these journeys.