Global Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Monster Shocks in Neutron Star Magnetospheres

Waves launched from the neutron star surface or inner magnetosphere propagate through the magnetosphere as small perturbations, but can grow relative to the background magnetic field and steepen into ``monster shocks'' -- ultra-relativistic magnetized shocks which can power high-energy emission.

Such shocks can develop around isolated magnetars, merging binaries, and collapsing neutron stars.

They occur in magnetically dominated plasma and are described by relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD).

We present global relativistic MHD simulations of monster shocks in unperturbed and perturbed (``wrinkled'') backgrounds with a global dipolar geometry.

Our simulations confirm analytical predictions for equatorial shocks and provide new insight into the behavior of oblique shocks off the equator.

Simulations where the shock is formed through Alfvén mode to fast mode conversion are also presented, demonstrating the generic nature of the monster shock mechanism.

We explore how the presence of additional modes in the magnetosphere modifies the shock behavior.

Modes of comparable amplitude can fragment the shock front, substantially reduce the magnetization, produce localized enhancements in the Lorentz factor relative to an unperturbed dipole background, and intermittently generate additional shocks along a line of sight.