Experimentally accessible measurement of irreversibility in stochastic systems by categorizing single-molecule displacements

Quantifying the irreversibility and dissipation of non-equilibrium processes is crucial to understanding their behavior, assessing their possible capabilities, and characterizing their efficiency.

We introduce a physical quantity that quantifies the irreversibility of stochastic Langevin systems from the observation of individual molecules' displacements.

Categorizing these displacements into a few groups based on their initial and final position allows us to measure irreversibility precisely without the need to know the forces and magnitude of the fluctuations acting on the system.

For short times, our model-free estimate of irreversibility is related to entropy production by a conditional fluctuation theorem.

For short times and in general for stationary protocols, our estimate provides a lower bound to the average entropy production.

We validate the method on single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments of proteins subject to force ramps.

We show that irreversibility is sensitive to detailed features of the energy landscape underlying the protein folding dynamics and suggest how our methods can be employed to unveil key properties of protein folding processes.