Revealing Sharp Spectral Features with Complex Frequency Excitations: Challenges and Opportunities

Broadening of spectral and spatial responses due to intrinsic loss in real materials often hides sharp features.

One recently recognized route to recover those features is to probe the system with complex-frequency (CF) signals that decay exponentially in time: a suitably tailored temporal decay can compensate for loss and reveal an intrinsic, narrow response.

However, generating rapidly decaying optical waveforms in real time is often challenging (the required decay times may be in the range of tens of femtoseconds).

A recently proposed alternative synthesizes the CF response numerically after detection of conventional, real-frequency signals using Fourier post-processing.

Here we explore advantages and challenges of these approaches: we show that a physical CF excitation robustly sharpens spectral features in the presence of noise, while a post-detection synthesized CF response shows only limited improvement once realistic detection and readout noise is considered.

At the same time, in low-noise conditions a much simpler post-detection filtering procedure attains equal or better recovery than the synthesized CF reconstruction, making the synthesis unnecessary in practice.