APIVOT: Adaptive Planning with Interleaved Vision-Language Thoughts

Long-horizon robot planning requires jointly reasoning over semantic task structure and geometric feasibility.

To successfully execute a task, a robot must decompose goals, select task-relevant objects, and sequence actions, while ensuring that plans satisfy spatial constraints such as limited free space and object collisions.

In this work, we propose APIVOT, a VLM-based planner that adaptively interleaves language and visual thoughts for long-horizon planning.

APIVOT learns to leverage language for semantic reasoning, while using visual thoughts as imagined future states for internal verification of geometric feasibility.

On long-horizon kitchen tasks, APIVOT outperforms general-purpose VLMs and prior planning frameworks, achieving the largest gains in spatially constrained settings.

We find that APIVOT learns meaningful modality selection behavior, demonstrating that adaptive interleaving of vision-language thoughts improves both planning success and reasoning efficiency.