On the existence of optimal multi-valued decoders and their accuracy bounds for ill-posed inverse problems

Ill-posed inverse problems occur everywhere in the sciences including medical imaging, radar, astronomy etc., yielding underdetermined or ill-posed linear (non-linear) reconstruction problems.

There are now a myriad of techniques to design decoders/reconstruction-methods that can tackle such problems, ranging from optimization based approaches, such as compressed sensing, to data-driven techniques such as deep learning (DL), and variants in between the two techniques.

The variety of methods begs for a unifying approach to determine the existence of optimal decoders and fundamental accuracy bounds, in order to facilitate a theoretical and empirical understanding of the performance of existing and future methods.

Such a theory must allow for both single-valued and set-valued decoders, as underdetermined and ill-posed inverse problems typically have multiple solutions.

Indeed, set-valued decoders arise due to non-uniqueness of minimizers in optimisation problems, such as in compressed sensing, and for DL based decoders in generative adversarial models, such as diffusion models and ensemble models.

In this work we provide a framework for assessing the lowest possible reconstruction accuracy in terms of worst-case and average errors.

The universal bounds only depend on the measurement model $F$, the model class $\mathcal{M}_1$ and the noise model $\mathcal{E}$.

For linear $F$ these bounds depend on its kernel, and in the non-linear case the concept of kernel is generalized for undersampled and ill-posed settings.

Additionally, we provide set-valued variational solutions that obtain the lowest possible reconstruction error.