Cost-effective network robustness

Modern society relies heavily on infrastructure networks, from communication to power systems, making their reliability under failure and disruption critical.

Robustness typically requires redundancy, providing alternative paths that ensure continuous service, yet redundancy is costly and often limited.

Real-world networks therefore operate under a fundamental trade-off between resource investment and reliability.

Here we derive theoretical bounds governing this trade-off and identify the network architectures that minimize expected downtime under constraints of cost, component durability, and spatial embedding.

We show that, in the relevant limit, optimal configurations consist of a 3-connected structural core linked by intermediate chains of uniform weight.

This reveals a previously unrecognized family of spatial networks that achieves near-optimal robustness with orders-of-magnitude fewer resources.

Distinct from commonly studied network models, these architectures expose general structural principles underlying the efficient organization of reliable infrastructure networks.