Head Kinematics and Brain Tissue Deformation from Soccer Heading: A Review of Implications for Brain Injury Risk

Purpose: Repeated heading of soccer balls has raised concerns of potential long-term neurological effects.

Consequently, numerous studies have estimated head kinematics and brain deformation due to soccer headers across different cohorts and play scenarios to identify higher risk conditions.

However, heterogeneity in study design, data collection, and analysis has produced inconsistent findings, and injury risk is infrequently reported.

Therefore, a meta-analysis of the existing literature was conducted to identify knowledge gaps and inform future studies assessing injury risk in soccer.

Methods: We synthesized data from studies reporting head kinematics or brain deformation from soccer headers on human subjects.

The data from these studies were analyzed to obtain the risk of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) based on applicable injury metrics and risk curves.

Results: The meta-analysis revealed specific trends, indicating that match scenarios, corner and goal-kicks, top and oblique impacts, and older age cohorts were associated with higher head kinematics, while sex-based trends were inconclusive.

The choice of sensor system affected the estimated head kinematics, with headband sensors consistently measuring higher kinematics than mouthpiece sensors.

The data showed large variability stemming from heterogeneous study designs, limiting the applicability of the observed trends.

These factors also influenced injury risk predictions, with estimated concussion risks generally below 20%.

Conclusion: This review reveals trends in mTBI risk from soccer heading across different cohorts and play scenarios.

It also underscores the need for standardized reporting of kinematics and brain deformation to enable mTBI risk estimation and meaningful cross-study comparisons.