Sharp Bounds on Diminished Sombor Index

The Diminished Sombor index $(DSO)$ of a simple graph $G$ is a recently introduced degree-based topological index, defined as \[ DSO(G)= \sum_{uv\in E(G)} \frac{\sqrt{d_u^2+d_v^2}}
{d_u+d_v} \] In this paper, we establish a collection of new sharp bounds for the $DSO$ index in terms of several fundamental graph parameters and well-known topological indices. In all cases, the proposed bounds rigorously specify the equality conditions, thereby providing a complete characterization of the extremal graphs. These findings deepen the theoretical understanding of the $DSO$ index and provide powerful analytical tools for interdisciplinary applications in mathematical chemistry.