Sharp Gradient Stability for the Sobolev Trace Inequality

Let \(n\ge3\) and \(1<p<n\).

We prove a quantitative stability estimate for the critical Sobolev trace inequality on the upper half-space.

More precisely, the Sobolev trace deficit controls the \(\max\{2,p\}\)-th power of the gradient distance to the manifold of trace bubbles.

A central part of the proof is the spectral nondegeneracy of the trace bubbles: the first two eigenspaces of the linearized weighted Steklov problem are exactly the amplitude, dilation, and tangential translation modes.