From Focusing to Con-Focusing: Optimal Power Transfer in Line-of-Sight Near-Field MIMO

Beamfocusing is the established near-field strategy for a large array serving a single-antenna user.

We consider the single-user line-of-sight MIMO link, free of multipath, in which the user, too, carries an extended aperture, and show that the focusing prescription inverts: beyond a modest Fresnel number, focusing on the user is outperformed by far-field steering.

Under fully analog, unit-modulus beamforming, we derive closed-form power gains for focusing (each aperture phase-matched to the other's center) and for steering (a planar phase ramp) in the Fresnel regime, and prove that their comparison is governed by two dimensionless quantities: the link Fresnel number, the product of the two aperture lengths normalized by wavelength and link distance, and the aperture ratio, irrespective of how many elements discretize the apertures.

For equal apertures the two gains cross exactly once, at the universal value 1.947; beyond it, focusing loses ten dB per decade of Fresnel number, and the advantage celebrated in the MISO literature survives only as the receive aperture vanishes.

We then derive the strategy that is order-optimal at every Fresnel number, con-focusing: both apertures aim at the common point from which they subtend equal angles.

It attains the rank-one eigenbound in leading constant, needs no channel knowledge, degenerates to plain steering for equal apertures, and is acquirable within one beam-refinement round with no geometry exchange between the terminals.