Asymptotically exact threshold for detecting anomalies in multivariate Gaussian data with application to time series

In this paper, we propose a new thresholding technique for detecting anomalies in multivariate normal random samples, under the assumption that anomalous observations are sparse and differ from the rest of the data in their mean.

The mean vector of the non-anomalous data is assumed to be zero, while the covariance matrix is unknown.

We derive conditions on the mean shift of the anomalous observations, as well as on the covariance matrix and its estimator, under which the proposed procedure achieves asymptotically exact detection, meaning that the expected number of misclassified observations converges to zero as the sample size increases.

In addition, we establish conditions under which exact anomaly detection is impossible for any procedure.

The performance of the proposed method is illustrated through an extensive simulation study and compared with other widely used anomaly detection methods.

Real-data analyses involving wearable activity measurements and air pollution time series provide an assessment of its performance in real-world settings.