Fractional quadratic obstructions to the local controllability of the Burgers equation

We study the local controllability near zero of the Burgers equation with a scalar control and a fixed space-dependent source profile, in the case where the linearized system fails to be controllable and a second-order analysis is therefore required. We prove that quadratic obstructions to finite-time controllability can be quantified by Sobolev norms of the control with fractional negative exponents ranging over a full interval. To our knowledge, this is the first example, for a natural physical PDE, of a continuous scale of fractional quadratic obstructions, and the first such continuous scale for finite-time local controllability. Our explicit constructions shed light on the origin of fractional obstructions for partial differential equations, by relating the obstruction exponent to the regularity, and in some cases to the physical-space singularity, of the source profile.
We identify the natural structural conditions on the source profile leading to obstructions quantified by the $H^{-1}$ and $H^{-5/4}$ norms of the control, thereby providing a general framework in which the previously studied case of a constant source profile fits naturally. In this constant-profile case, we improve existing results by identifying the arithmetic condition on the Fourier mode which ensures that a small-time obstruction actually persists in finite time.
Finally, we derive sharp nonlinear remainder estimates adapted to the precise regularity of the source profile. These estimates make most of our obstruction results optimal with respect to the smallness assumption imposed on the control.