Particle, kinetic and hydrodynamic models for sea ice floes. Part II: Rotating floes with environmental forces

This paper builds on the multiscale modeling framework introduced in Part I (Deng and Ha, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 483 (2025) 134951) for sea-ice floe dynamics with non-rotating floes to the case with rotational floes, nonlinear contact interactions, Coriolis force and ocean tilt.

Building on the particle-kinetic-hydrodynamic hierarchy developed for non-rotating floes, we generalize the particle model to describe ice floes as rigid bodies characterized by position, linear velocity, angular velocity, size, and moment of inertia.

The interaction rules now include nonlinear contact forces and torques arising from short-range compression, restitution, and tangential friction laws, together with both oceanic and atmospheric drags that couple translational and rotational motions.

These particle descriptions lead to an enriched Vlasov-type kinetic equation posed on an extended phase space, whose moments yield a hydrodynamic system for mass, momentum, and angular-momentum balances.

Compared with Part I, the resulting macroscopic equations feature additional hydrodynamic and stress contributions, rotational transport, and dissipative mechanisms stemming from nonlinear collisions.

The proposed framework provides a more accurate description of sea-ice floe dynamics and offers a systematic pathway toward multiscale modeling of sea-ice rheology under complex environmental forcing.