Direct Observation of Wilsonian Electrons in Thunderstorms

We analyze electron rich Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements (TGEs) detected at Aragats using the SEVAN Light spectrometer, which can separate charged and neutral particles and reconstruct their energy spectra.

The events exhibit large electron fluxes, with reconstructed energies extending to 45 MeV.

Simultaneous meteorological observations reveal that all events occurred within a remarkably narrow atmospheric regime characterized by exceptionally low cloud-base heights, temperatures near 0°C, strong electric-field disturbances, and lightning.

Comparisons with the complete Aragats TGE archive demonstrate that the direct detection of runaway electrons becomes possible only when the active acceleration region approaches within several tens of meters of detector altitude, allowing electrons to survive atmospheric attenuation.

These results provide an experimental explanation for the century long rarity of observations of Wilsonian electrons.

The findings establish the atmospheric conditions required for direct observation of runaway electrons and contribute to the understanding of particle acceleration in natural electric fields.