Deep Reinforcement Learning for Individual Atomic Control and Cooling

Real-time feedback control of quantum systems is often limited by partial observations, nonlinear dynamics and measurement noise, which make accurate model-based controllers difficult to design.

Here we show that deep reinforcement learning can cool the motion of a single neutral atom coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity using only the continuously monitored cavity transmission.

We first train the controller in simulation and then transfer it to the experiment, where online fine-tuning adapts it to unmodeled experimental dynamics.

The learned policy damps the atom's motion in real time and achieves a cooling time constant of 388 +/- 14 microseconds, corresponding to only two motional periods in the trap.

It also outperforms a standard linear differentiator controller in cooling speed while maintaining comparable atom retention over a broad range of operating conditions.

These results establish reinforcement learning as a practical strategy for feedback control in quantum-limited experiments where compact analytical models are incomplete.