A re-entrant chip-free-space photonic interface for telecom-to-Rubidium spectroscopy

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) generate, route, and process light with high efficiency, scalability, and functional density on a single chip.

Yet the tightly confined on-chip modes can not easily access or effectively interact with atomic vapors, fluids, gain media, and biological samples.

Existing approaches require bringing the medium onto the chip or into a weak, tightly confined evanescent field, which restricts the interaction volume and the range of accessible media.

Here, we demonstrate a re-entrant chip-free-space interface in which a thin-film lithium niobate circuit frequency-doubles telecom light, emits the 780~nm field through a Rubidium vapor cell, and recollects the reflected probe on the same chip.

This emit-interact-recollect loop resolves the saturated absorption spectrum and stabilizes the telecom laser to within $\pm 280$~kHz over 2 hours.

Our study paves an route to embed external media into PICs through the re-entrant photonic interface.