Demand-side decarbonisation at scale via MaaS-integrated carbon incentives

Digital carbon incentives are increasingly used to promote low-carbon travel, but city-scale evidence on their behavioral and carbon-accounting implications remains limited.

We evaluated a carbon-incentive program on a Beijing Mobility-as-a-Service platform using 4.82 billion trips from 2.96 million users over 13 months, with a matched panel of enrolled and non-enrolled users.

Enrollment was associated with a 20.3 percentage-point increase in the monthly low-carbon travel share, with pre-enrollment trends remaining near zero across event-study tests.

A random-forest accounting scenario trained on pre-enrollment data implied a 1.8% citywide decline in gasoline-car trips and annual reductions of 94,353 tonnes of CO2, equivalent to 5.7% of the certified reductions traded in Beijing's carbon market in 2023.

This estimate is model-dependent rather than a directly observed or causally identified program effect.

Larger program-associated responses were concentrated in areas with greater transit access.

These results show that carbon-market-financed digital incentives can support measurable low-carbon travel responses at the city scale.