Entanglement and geometric transitions in topological string theory

How do we define a bulk subsystem in quantum gravity?

In \cite{Wong:2025kpz}, we argued that such a subsystem must support local holographic degrees of freedom.

These are gravitational edge modes, whose entanglement creates a backreaction that fuses together subregions of spacetime.

In this work we give a realization of these ideas in topological string theory, building upon \cite{Donnelly:2020teo,Jiang:2020cqo}.

In this theory, a subsystem for closed strings consists of open strings ending on entanglement branes, which play the role of a dynamical entangling surface.

Local holography is implemented by the geometric transition of these branes.

We define a subregion open string algebra and develop a diagrammatics for open string modular flow for arbitrary states and subregion.

We check that the entanglement entropy of these open strings reproduces the gravitational entropy of the associated closed string background.

Finally, we relate these local transitions to defect holography.