Approximate thermodynamics of the two-dimensional Ising model in an external magnetic field

We introduce approximate expressions for the thermodynamics of the two-dimensional Ising model in an external magnetic field.

The external field breaks the system's symmetry, which complicates the exact calculation of the free energy.

To address this, we write the model in its quaternion representation to apply a small angle approximation with respect to a reference frame.

The approximation simplifies the transfer matrix to a centrosymmetric matrix for which the largest eigenvalue is known and depends on the external field strength.

We therefore write an approximate expression for the system's free energy and derive the magnetization, susceptibility, internal energy, and specific heat.

These results are compared with numerical simulations performed with the BKL algorithm.

We find that the approximate expressions and numerical simulations agree in regions where the approximation is valid.