Spatiotemporal Vortex Rings Induced by Spatiotemporal Coupling

Vortices and vortex rings are topological structures that arise in various physical systems.

However, the generation of spatiotemporal vortices (STVs) and vortex rings (STVRs) has so far relied on complex, often active wavefront modulation.

We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that spatiotemporal coupling can drive unstructured wave packets to form vortices upon scattering from simple obstacles.

The resulting STVs and STVRs possess controllable topological charges and excellent propagation stability.

These findings reveal a fundamental mechanism for spatiotemporal singularity formation and provide a universal route to structured-wave generation.