The Existence of Diagonal Quantum Latin Squares with Maximum Cardinality

A quantum Latin square of order \(n\), denoted by \(\operatorname{QLS}(n)\), is an \(n \times n\) square whose entries are unit column vectors in the \(n\)-dimensional Hilbert space \(\mathcal{H}_n\), such that each row and each column forms an orthonormal basis of \(\mathcal{H}_n\).

The cardinality of a QLS($n$) is the number of distinct vectors up to a global phase in the array.

A \(\mathrm{QLS}(n)\) whose main diagonal and anti-diagonal each forms an orthonormal basis of \(\mathcal{H}_n\) is called a diagonal quantum Latin square (\(\mathrm{DQLS}(n)\)).

In this paper, we focus on the existence of the \(\mathrm{DQLS}(n)\) with maximum cardinality ($\mathrm{MCDQLS}(n)$).

By employing direct constructions based on row-quantum Latin rectangle and special complete mapping, together with the recursive techniques such as the singular direct product construction, We have almost completely determined the existence of \(\mathrm{MCDQLS}(n)\), except for a few exceptional cases.

This result is based on the study of the existence of idempotent \(\mathrm{QLS}(n)\) with maximum cardinality (\(\mathrm{MCQLS}(n)\)), and implies an existence result for pandiagonal quantum Latin squares with maximum cardinality (\(\mathrm{MCPQLS}(n)\)).