Words don't come easy: strong affine representations of the polycyclic monoids

Each one-dimensional strong affine representation of the polycyclic monoid $\mathcal{P}_n$ is induced by a complete system of residues modulo $n$.

We completely characterize these representations in the case when the system of residues is an arithmetic sequence.

We accomplish this by introducing a closure operator on the set of primitive words over $\{0,1,\dots,n-1\}$, and we also describe the lattice of closed sets.

This characterization covers all one-dimensional strong affine representations of $\mathcal{P}_2$.