A conceptual model for the evo-devo role of transposable elements and its implications for the ageing phenomenon

The Evolvable Soma Theory of Ageing is a recently proposed model that frames development as a continuous process of change accompanying organisms throughout the lifespan.

This process is driven by developmental genes which encode epigenetic changes on target cells, whereas ageing reflects the expression of late-acting modifications, that are subject to ongoing evolutionary optimisation and function as somatic "experiments" to explore phenotypic novelty.

In this work we examine the role of transposable elements in the model.

Our proposal acknowledges that these elements facilitate the expansion and diversification of gene regulatory networks by providing transcription factor binding sites.

To minimise disruption, their regulatory activity is tightly repressed by epigenetic mechanisms during early development, which may be progressively released by genetically driven, age-associated epigenetic changes in later life, thereby contributing to transcriptional pseudo-randomness and ageing-associated phenotypes.

Within this framework, transposable elements are integrated into a unified view of evolution, development and ageing, providing a conceptual basis for their dual role in regulatory innovation and age-related decline.