WavePID: Low-energy flavor identification using single-PMT time series in IceCube

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, a cubic-kilometer detector at the South Pole, identifies neutrino flavor through event morphology.

Sparse photon detection makes this classification particularly challenging in the 5--100~GeV regime, the energy range relevant for oscillation measurements and searches for physics beyond the Standard Model.

We introduce WavePID, a template-based log-likelihood-ratio classifier that exploits nanosecond-scale timing on individual detector modules through three observables: the distance to the reconstructed vertex, the early-charge fraction, and the module-to-module time difference.

Evaluated on a cascade-enriched sample selected by a state-of-the-art graph neural network, WavePID improves both cascade purity and classification performance over the neural network alone.

This demonstrates that per-module pulse timing carries flavor-identification information complementary to morphology-based classifiers, opening a new physics-motivated observable for low-energy neutrino reconstruction.

Geant4 simulations associate this signal with differences in Cherenkov emission geometry between muon tracks and electromagnetic showers.

These results motivate exploiting nanosecond-scale pulse timing in future low-energy classifiers and in detector designs with improved per-module timing in next-generation neutrino telescopes.