Which Saddles Contribute? The South-East Rule for Multidimensional Integrals

In this paper, we introduce and demonstrate a simple geometric algorithm to determine which critical points, both complex as well as real, contribute to the asymptotic evaluation of multiple integrals with exponential integrands of the form $e^{ikf(\boldsymbol{x})}$ over $\mathbb R^d$, for finite $d\ge 1$ and $f$ is analytic.

In so doing, the algorithm removes the need to compute the flows of $-\text{Re} (i\nabla f)$ in $\mathbb C^d$ that is required to identify such relevant critical points in Picard-Lefschetz approaches to the derivation of such asymptotic expansions.

By contrast, our algorithm relies on the combination of three simple features: the values of $f$ at all the critical points plotted in the complex Borel plane, the concept of adjacency between such points derived from algebraic resurgence/hyperasymptotic approaches and the new result here of a geometric "South-East" rule.

The algorithm incorporates functions $f$ that remain bounded or unbounded on $\mathbb R^d$.

We illustrate this new approach with both pedagogical and advanced examples, and draw conclusions as to its importance for resolving issues associated with Wick rotations and its implications for path integrals.

This is a significant step towards a systematic way of identifying instanton contributions in real-time path integrals.