CARLA-GS: Decoupling Representation, Reasoning, and Physics Simulation for Autonomous Driving Corner-Case Synthesis

Safety evaluation for autonomous driving is dominated by rare, safety-critical interactions, motivating simulators that can deliberately synthesize corner cases with photorealistic observations.

Corner-case generation is inherently a multi-source problem spanning visual representation, scene reasoning, and vehicle trajectory generation and control.

Prior knowledge- and model-based approaches typically focus on scene or trajectory components in isolation, while diffusion-based methods attempt end-to-end generation but still struggle to ensure spatiotemporal consistency and physical realism.

To unify these aspects within a single framework, we propose CARLA-GS, a modular corner-case synthesis pipeline that decouples visual representation, semantic reasoning, and physics-based execution while maintaining tight cross-module coupling.

Starting from real driving data, we reconstruct an editable gaussian scene with additional geometry-consistent constraints.

A multi-agent LLM then performs scene-level reasoning to identify risky interactions and generate intent-level waypoint trajectories, while the low-level motion control is delegated to CARLA, where a PID controller ensures kinematic and dynamic feasibility.

The simulated vehicle states are finally re-projected into the gaussian scene for ego-centric rendering.

This design enables high-level semantic reasoning, low-level physically executable motion, and photorealistic corner-case generation within a unified pipeline.

Experiments on the Waymo Open Dataset show, both quantitatively and qualitatively, that our framework enables controllable corner-case generation and produces photorealistic, spatiotemporally consistent videos aligned with semantic intent and physically feasible motion.