A second-order diffusive-interface immersed boundary method for incompressible flow with phase change and moving interfaces

Accurately resolving interfacial gradients is critical for simulating two-phase flows, particularly those involving phase transitions or active matter.

The traditional diffuse-interface immersed boundary methods (IBMs) are highly efficient for such problems, but they typically suffer from a reduction to first-order accuracy near the phase-changing boundaries.

We clarify that the main reason is the local derivative discontinuities.

Here, we propose a smooth extension strategy to restore formal second-order spatial accuracy.

By extrapolating the scalar field across the interface, the method structurally ensures derivative continuity.

To preserve the divergence-free condition in incompressible fluid solvers, this smooth extension is applied exclusively to the scalar transport equations.

The velocity field retains the standard diffuse-interface treatment.

The proposed framework is systematically validated against classical phase-change benchmarks, specifically one-dimensional evaporation and boiling problems.

Additionally, the method is applied to the spontaneous autophoretic motion of isotropic particles.

The numerical results confirm the capability of our method in resolving the complex multi-physics boundary couplings.