A zero-one law for one-shot system identification

Can a model be identified from one experiment?

We study analytic systems that are linearly parameterized by a combination of prescribed dictionary terms, such as partial differential operators and dynamical systems.

For a single input-response pair, recovery is possible exactly when the evaluated dictionary terms are linearly independent.

We prove a sharp zero-one law: either no input uniquely determines the coefficients, or almost every random input sampled from a nondegenerate Gaussian measure does.

This dichotomy reduces one-shot system identification to a question about degenerate inputs and provides an a posteriori certificate for any recovered model.

Numerical examples recover dynamical systems, nonlinear partial differential equations, and structured matrix families from single trajectory data, while also detecting when an extra probe is necessary.