On structured cosine sums and applications

For a multiset $S$ on the cyclic group $\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$, we study finite sums of cosine functions of rational angles associated to $S$ by translating them as evaluations of elements in the group ring $\mathbb{Z}[\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}]$.

Using vanishing sums of roots of unity, especially the Lam-Leung theory, we obtain criteria for the vanishing of the cosine sums under some conditions, and prove a small-weight Fourier rigidity.

We then apply these algebraic results to cyclic Cayley graphs, deriving the zero-eigenvalue criteria, multiplicity bounds for nonzero eigenvalues in the small-support case, and a description of the square-free case where the generating set is a subgroup of the unit group.