Beyond binary scission: a generalized three-species cascade breakage model for wormlike micellar solutions

Wormlike micellar fluids exhibit complex rheological behavior driven by the continuous breakage and recombination of self-assembled micellar networks.

Existing two-species models provide a coarse binary representation of the micellar population, limiting their ability to resolve intermediate structural states and broad relaxation spectra.

To address this limitation, we develop a three-species cascade breakage model consisting of gel-network, long chains, and short chains.

By introducing an intermediate micellar state, the model links the rapid relaxation of short fragments to the slow recovery of the gel-network within a unified kinetic framework.

This additional structural pathway gives rise to a three-mode viscoelastic response, improves the high-frequency description of the dynamic moduli, and produces a non-monotone constitutive curve that evolves into a stress plateau with coexisting shear bands in Couette flow.

This cascade mechanism also governs the transient response, including stress overshoot, hysteresis, and multistep relaxation after shear cessation.

Overall, the proposed three-species model provides a physically interpretable framework for worm-like micellar shear banding, capturing the connection between cascade microstructural evolution, broad relaxation dynamics, and macroscopic flow localization.