Scenario-conditioned flow matching for probabilistic generation of three-component ground-motion waveforms

Performance-based seismic risk assessment requires three-component acceleration histories compatible with specified source, path, and site conditions.

Conventional ground-motion prediction equations provide scalar intensity measures, while many generative waveform models learn amplitude and waveform shape within a single high-dimensional target.

We present WaveFlowGMM, a two-stage probabilistic ground-motion model that uses peak ground acceleration (PGA) as an amplitude interface between scenario conditioning and waveform generation.

The amplitude stage uses physics-informed symbolic learning to estimate component-wise PGA medians and a full cross-component covariance.

The waveform stage uses few-step AlphaFlow in an invertible wavelet-packet coefficient space to generate normalised three-component histories that are rescaled by sampled PGA.

Tests on an event-level NGA-West2 holdout set show that the generated motions recover the main magnitude, distance, and site scaling, keep peak and spectral residuals close to zero, preserve three-component amplitude dependence, and yield velocity and displacement histories without systematic drift after integration of the generated three-component acceleration histories.

The framework provides an interpretable and computationally efficient candidate component for waveform-level seismic hazard and risk analysis.