Universal framework for the design of near-zero refractive index photonic crystals

Near-zero-index (NZI) media are of great interest for controlling light-matter interactions, but homogeneous NZI materials in the telecom band remain limited and often suffer from significant losses.

Photonic crystals provide an attractive alternative due to their tunability and use of low-loss constituent materials.

This work presents a predictive framework for designing epsilon-near-zero (ENZ), mu-near-zero (MNZ), and epsilon-and-mu-near-zero (EMNZ) photonic crystals.

We demonstrate an equivalence between Dirac cones and EMNZ behavior, showing that a Dirac cone at the Gamma point is both necessary and sufficient to obtain an effective EMNZ response under normal incidence.

This result implies that the presence of a Dirac cone fully determines the NZI response of a photonic crystal, independent of the material composition.

The prediction is based on mode symmetry universality and effective medium theory.

The approach enables switching between ENZ-MNZ and EMNZ regimes through geometric tuning of the unit cell.

It is validated on triangular and rectangular lattices.

Overall, this work provides a predictive design strategy for NZI photonic crystals, replacing trial-and-error optimization.

It may also impact metamaterials in the telecom regime and applications in quantum communication.