STORM: RDMA-based Monte Carlo Transport Scheme for Distributed-Memory Particle Simulations

Monte Carlo particle transport enables high-fidelity astrophysical radiation and neutrino simulations - from core-collapse supernovae and neutron-star mergers to accretion flows - by handling multidimensional geometries, frequency dependence, and moving media without angular discretization.

However, inter-rank communication limits scalability on unstructured meshes: standard two-sided MPI requires receivers to post receives and poll completions, creating per-iteration progress overhead that grows with the number of communication partners.

Such problems have not demonstrated high scaling efficiency at $O(10^4)$ cores.

We present STORM (Scalable Transport via One-sided Remote Memory), an open-source library for Monte Carlo transport on general meshes, physics, and boundary conditions.

STORM provides a lock-free, mesh-independent communication layer that replaces MPI's matched-send/receive semantics with Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) - one-sided operations that write directly into a remote rank's memory without involving its CPU.

Each rank pair shares a single-producer, single-consumer ring buffer; RDMA writes transfer particles while receivers remain passive.

A two-sided MPI backend provides a portable fallback.

In an adversarial uniform-emission benchmark, the RDMA backend sustains $>97\%$ weak-scaling and $>88\%$ strong-scaling efficiency up to 13,440~cores (112~cores per network adapter), with $1.14$-$1.27\times$ speedups over the two-sided alternative.

In a Hohlraum IMC benchmark at 4480 ranks, it is $1.41\times$ faster because MPI progress overhead is reduced by $6.1\times$.

By decoupling communication from physics models and mesh representations, STORM removes a barrier to scaling Monte Carlo transport in astrophysical multiphysics codes, enabling coupled radiation-hydrodynamics with energy- and angle-resolved photon or neutrino transport on dynamically evolving meshes at scale.