Measured-Pattern-Aware Pinching-Antenna Systems With Coupling-Efficiency Optimization

Pinching-antenna (PA) systems have been widely investigated as a flexible architecture for waveguide-enabled wireless transmission.

Existing analytical models, however, often rely on isotropic radiation assumptions and simplified couplingefficiency settings, which may overlook two practical design factors: the geometry-dependent radiation pattern of each PA and the sequential extraction of guided power along the waveguide.

In this paper, we propose a measured-radiation-pattern-aware PA framework that incorporates an externally obtained radiation pattern, waveguide attenuation, and coupling-dependent power extraction.

For a single PA, the resulting placement rule balances directional gain, waveguide loss, and free-space path loss, leading to a coupling-efficiency threshold for outperforming a fixed isotropic antenna.

For multiple PAs, we study phase-matched placement and coupling-efficiency design under both uniform and independently controllable coupling.

The uniform-coupling case yields a one-dimensional optimality condition and reveals that the preferred coupling efficiency decreases as more phasematched PAs participate in coherent combining.

The independently controllable case admits a closed-form power-allocation structure, where stronger effective directional channels receive larger radiated power fractions.

Numerical results based on a representative measured PA radiation pattern demonstrate the importance of jointly accounting for measured-radiation-patternaware placement and coupling-efficiency optimization.