PIEFS: Physics-Informed Eigenfunction Features with Learnable Scaling

Spectral methods are widely used to construct representations from the geometry of data, but they often rely on a fixed kernel, graph Laplacian, or manually selected feature scaling.

We propose Physics-Informed Eigenfunction Features with Learnable Scaling (PIEFS), a supervised neural representation-learning framework with a spectral inductive bias, based on a modified Dirichlet energy.

In PIEFS, scalar coordinate maps are trained under empirical Gram orthogonality, a supervised linear readout, and a Dirichlet penalty in which the input gradient is transformed by a learnable metric $A(x)=\Lambda(x)U(x)$.

The diagonal factor $\Lambda(x)$ controls anisotropic scaling, while the orthogonal factor $U(x)$ is parameterized by a structured product of Givens rotations.

This construction yields task-adaptive Dirichlet-regularized coordinates rather than eigenfunctions of a fixed supervision-independent operator.

Experiments on synthetic, tabular, and image-based benchmarks study the effect of identity, diagonal, and rotation-scaling metrics, and compare the resulting coordinates with classical baselines and NeuralEF.

The results support PIEFS as a compact supervised spectral representation method and identify optimization stability, validation on explicit operator eigenproblems, and richer metric parameterizations as the main directions for future work.