Inverse-designed meta processing units for multi-task near-field photonic computing

Integrated photonic neural networks require optical operators that are simultaneously compact, matrix-general and compatible with task-level reconfigurability.

Here we introduce a meta processing unit (MPU), an inverse-designed near-field photonic device that implements local complex matrix transformations within a shallow-etched silicon region.

Each 2x2 operator occupies 9.6 umx4.8 um and is designed as a reusable passive matrix primitive that can be combined with reconfigurable MZI neurons.

We demonstrate a 3-bit quantized MZI-equivalent unitary device library with an effective reconstruction precision of 3.32 bits.

Beyond unitary operators, we validate arbitrary complex 2x2 matrix fitting and a cascaded 4x4 matrix operation with 92.7% fidelity.

We further integrate the MPU with active photonic components and hardware-in-the-loop training, achieving test accuracies of 83.5% and 80.9% on dual-task vowel recognition.

In large-scale EMNIST simulations, a fine-grained neuron-level MPU replacement strategy reaches 87.64% average accuracy at 90% shared-MPU replacement, outperforming a layer-level baseline by 7.26 percentage points.

These results establish inverse-designed MPUs as compact passive matrix operators for heterogeneous, hardware-adaptive photonic neural networks.