The tentacles landscape: geometric properties of high-dimensional basins of attraction

Basins of attraction in multistable high dimensional dynamical systems are expected to have universal features but very little has been proved rigorously. We consider phase oscillators coupled according to a cycle graph, $\dot\theta_i = f(\theta_{i+1}-\theta_i) + f(\theta_{i-1}-\theta_i)$, with coupling $f$ that is $C^1$, odd, $2\pi$-periodic, and strictly increasing on $(-\pi,\pi)$. We prove the full ``octopus'' picture of the basins of attraction observed numerically by Zhang and Strogatz [Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.\ 127 (2021) 194101] and, beyond this model, across a wide family of high-dimensional multistable systems.
In our case, we have a family of stable equilibria that can be indexed by their winding number $q \in \mathbb Z\cap(-n/2,n/2)$. Basin volumes obey a Gaussian law $\mu(\mathcal K_q)=\sqrt{6/(\pi n)}\,e^{-6q^2/n}(1+o(1))$ in the winding number. The distance from a uniform sample to its attractor, when divided by $\sqrt n$, concentrates at $\sqrt{\pi^2/3}\approx 1.814$. Along almost every straight line through any twisted state, the ray enters every other basin infinitely many times, with frequencies given by the basin volumes. The inscribed ball at a twisted state has radius $({\pi}/{\sqrt2})(1-{2|q|}/{n})$ for every $n$, while as $n\to\infty$, a typical ray travels distance $(\pi/2)\sqrt{n/\log n}$ before first leaving the basin: the head of the octopus is sharply anisotropic.