Spectral Analysis of the Schr\"odinger Operator for the Incommensurate System

Many novel and unique physical phenomena in incommensurate systems can be illustrated and predicted using their spectral structure and electronic state distributions.

However, the absence of periodicity in these systems poses significant challenges for obtaining the associated information.

In this paper, by embedding the system into higher dimensions together with introducing a regularization technique, we prove that the spectrum of the Schrödinger operator for the incommensurate system can be approximated by the spectra of a family of regularized Schrödinger operators, which are elliptic, retain periodicity, and enjoy favorable analytic and spectral properties.

We also show the well-posedness of the probability density describing the electronic state distribution of the incommensurate system, which can be approximated by the ones generated by the Bloch solutions to the regularized model.

Our analysis provides theoretical support for understanding and computing incommensurate systems.