Short spherical $t$-design curves

We study the minimum arclength of spherical $t$-design curves, i.e., closed rectifiable curves on $S^d$ whose normalized arclength measure exactly integrates every polynomial of degree at most $t$.

We prove an explicit spectral lower bound that is sharp for $t=1$ in all spheres and for $t=2$ in every odd-dimensional sphere, yielding the first exact optimality results for spherical $t$-design curves with $t>1$.

For even-dimensional spheres, we construct $2$-design curves whose lengths asymptotically match the lower bound as $d\to\infty$, and in $S^2$, we use numerical optimization and the calculus of variations to derive a candidate for the shortest $2$-design curve.