Sharpness of convolution bounds for measures

In this paper, we determine the optimal universal \(L^p\)-\(L^q\) type sets for convolution operators \(f\mapsto \mu*f\) associated with fractal measures $\mu\in \mathcal P_{\alpha,\beta}(\mathbb R^d)$, which denotes the class of compactly supported Borel probability measures satisfying the \(\alpha\)-Frostman condition \[
\mu(B(x,\rho)) \lesssim \rho^\alpha,
\qquad x\in\mathbb R^d,\quad 0<\rho<1, \] and the \(\beta/2\)-Fourier decay condition \[
|\widehat{\mu}(\xi)| \lesssim |\xi|^{-\beta/2},
\qquad \xi\in\mathbb R^d. \] More precisely, we characterize the largest \(L^p\)-\(L^q\) region that is forced solely by the Frostman and Fourier decay assumptions throughout the full admissible range of \((\alpha,\beta)\), with distinct optimal regions in the geometric and nongeometric regimes. We prove optimality in the worst-case sense over \(\mathcal P_{\alpha,\beta}(\mathbb R^d)\) by constructing, for each admissible pair \((\alpha,\beta)\), a single extremal measure whose support has the smallest Hausdorff dimension allowed by the hypotheses. Moreover, variants of the same constructions also yield a single-measure sharpness theorem for the \(L^2\) Fourier restriction theorem of Mockenhaupt--Mitsis--Bak--Seeger: in every dimension and in both the geometric and nongeometric regimes, we construct a measure in \(\mathcal P_{\alpha,\beta}(\mathbb R^d)\) for which the Mockenhaupt--Mitsis--Bak--Seeger threshold exponent is sharp.