Sixteen-Fold Way for Fermionic Topological Orders

Fermionic topological orders can host 't Hooft anomalies with no bosonic counterpart.

We identify a new sixteen-fold family of (2+1)D fermionic topological orders, forming a fermionic analogue of Kitaev's sixteen-fold way.

This family is distinguished by the mod 16 't Hooft anomaly of a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ one-form symmetry, generated in each theory by a single nontrivial $\mathbb{Z}_2$ anyon.

This intrinsically fermionic anomaly permits anyon spins that are forbidden in bosonic phases; the simplest new example is an Abelian fermionic topological order containing a single $\mathbb{Z}_2$ Abelian anyon of spin 1/8.

Each theory can be realized as the gapped boundary of a (3+1)D fermionic symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phase protected by the $\mathbb{Z}_2$ one-form symmetry, which acquires a $\mathbb{Z}_{16}$ classification once the spacetime spin structure is twisted by the one-form symmetry.

We realize these phases microscopically via lattice models built from Walker-Wang models coupled to local fermions.