ILPU: Iterative Laplace-Based Phase Unwrapping via Bi-Level Optimization

Phase unwrapping is an essential preprocessing step for phase-based MRI applications, including susceptibility mapping, field mapping, thermometry, and MR elastography. We present Iterative Laplace-Based Phase Unwrapping (ILPU), a bi-level optimization algorithm. In this method, a lower-level solver recovers a continuous phase increment from an incremental Poisson equation using the discrete cosine transform (DCT), while an upper-level solver refines an integer offset map through quality-guided spatial regularization and a restricted local search.
This coupling enables robust unwrapping in low-SNR regions through adaptive smoothness penalties and quality-weighted regularization. We evaluated ILPU on 2D and 3D brain MRI phase images against manually unwrapped reference data, using standard Laplace unwrapping, Flynn, and SEGUE as comparison methods. In 2D, ILPU achieves accuracy comparable to SEGUE. In 3D, ILPU attains a relative error of 2.12% compared with 67.59% for SEGUE and 81.02% for Laplace, demonstrating a clear advantage in volumetric unwrapping.
The algorithm has O(N log N) complexity per iteration through DCT-based Laplacian estimation and is numerically faster than both Flynn and SEGUE while preserving superior accuracy. These results indicate that the bi-level optimization framework provides a robust and computationally efficient solution for phase unwrapping in MRI.