State-Specific Respiratory Signatures for Affective and Stress Recognition: Interpretable Respiratory Markers, Autocorrelation Lags, and Compact CNN Models

Respiratory activity is a direct and interpretable physiological channel for wearable stress and affective-state recognition, yet many studies emphasize classification accuracy without identifying which respiratory properties separate different states.

This work reframes RESP-based recognition as a joint predictive and explanatory problem.

Using the chest respiratory channel of the WESAD dataset, we analyze 60 s windows under leave-one-subject-out validation and combine two complementary branches: compact raw-signal one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) and physically grouped handcrafted respiratory signatures.

The primary application task is binary stress versus non-stress detection, while baseline, stress, amusement, and meditation are additionally analyzed in a one-vs-rest setting to reveal state-specific respiratory markers.

The feature space is organized into respiratory timing, breath-to-breath variability, waveform statistics, spectral/time-frequency descriptors, and autocorrelation/nonlinear predictability descriptors, with the raw 60 s signal treated as a sixth representation for the CNN branch.

We introduce autocorrelation transition lags (Zpm/Zmp) as interpretable markers of respiratory correlation scale and separately evaluate exploratory FEG-Pro/Lyapunov-like descriptors.

In the final CNN refit setting, the raw-signal model achieved the strongest stress-vs-rest performance, with accuracy 96.72 percent, macro-F1 95.30 percent, and MCC 90.61 percent.

In contrast, compact feature models were stronger for baseline, with MCC 65.34 percent, amusement, with MCC 35.69 percent, and especially meditation, with MCC 88.65 percent.

These results show that CNNs are most useful for the practical stress detector, whereas interpretable respiratory signatures provide stronger and more physiologically transparent state-specific markers for several non-stress conditions.