Causal-Audit: Explicit and Auditable Graph-based Reasoning via Target-Aware Causal Chain Construction

Causal and intervention-based question answering is fundamental to advancing large language models (LLMs) toward reasoning beyond surface-level correlations and understanding underlying causal mechanisms.

However, existing LLM-based methods often rely on implicit language-level reasoning, resulting in opaque causal assumptions, unverifiable reasoning paths, and fragile predictions under complex interventions, particularly in context-free settings.

In this paper, we propose an explicit and auditable causal reasoning framework for context-free intervention-based question answering.

Our method formulates causal inference as structured reasoning over an explicit causal graph through four modular stages, rather than implicit end-to-end prediction.

A key innovation is a target-aware causal graph construction strategy that treats the target variable as a core constraint during graph expansion, effectively suppressing irrelevant variables, spurious causal relations, and reasoning noise.

We further introduce a path-level causal evidence aggregation mechanism that combines multiple causal paths while modeling both reinforcing and counteracting effects, enabling robust decision-making beyond single-chain reasoning.

Extensive experiments on three benchmarks demonstrate that our framework consistently outperforms existing LLM-based methods while providing interpretable and auditable causal reasoning traces.