STEEL: Sparsity-Aware Fused Attention for Energy-Efficient Long-Sequence Inference on AMD's XDNA NPU

The growing adoption of large language model-based agents within operating system workflows has increased the importance of energy-efficient inference on laptop-class systems-on-chip (SoCs).

While cloud offloading remains common, it introduces reliability and privacy concerns that are particularly problematic for agentic workloads.

Recent laptop SoCs, therefore, incorporate neural processing engines (NPUs) optimized for energy efficiency; however, effectively mapping attention mechanisms onto NPUs remains challenging due to architectural diversity and explicit data-movement programming models.

In this work, we present STEEL, the first open-source implementation of FlashAttention targeting XDNA-like NPUs.

STEEL introduces a dataflow formulation of prefill attention, enabling efficient exploitation of spatial parallelism and on-chip memory.

Furthermore, STEEL addresses the load imbalance induced by the causal mask by leveraging a sparsity-aware pipeline placement onto the NPU array, reducing synchronization overhead and improving utilization.

We evaluate STEEL on the AMD Ryzen AI 9 HX 370 SoC and compare its performance against optimized CPU and GPU implementations.

Experimental results show that STEEL reduces energy consumption by an average of 9.17x and 1.75x relative to CPU and GPU baselines, respectively.

On XDNA 1, STEEL achieves an average 9.6x latency reduction over the prior state of the art, and delivers a 22.8x speedup on average compared to a layer-by-layer attention implementation on XDNA 2.