Thermal Properties of Gauge-Invariant Graphene in Noncommutative Phase-Space

We study graphene in an external magnetic field within a noncommutative (NC) framework.

A gauge-invariant NC Hamiltonian is derived, and the system is analyzed using the ladder-operator formalism, yielding deformed Landau levels and eigenstates.

A mapping to the anti-Jaynes-Cummings model is established, providing a bridge to quantum-optical interpretation.

The thermal properties of gauge-invariant NC graphene are then investigated via the partition function, constructed using Euler and zeta functions.

Analytical expressions for the partition function, free energy, internal energy, entropy, and specific heat are obtained and numerically evaluated.

The results show that the NC phase-space deformation modifies the effective Landau-level spacing and consequently alters the thermal behavior of the graphene system.

In particular, the deformation suppresses the thermal accessibility of excited states and produces measurable deviations from the commutative case while preserving the correct low- and high-temperature asymptotic limits.