Beyond antibiotics—a paradigm shift toward bacteria-control-centric therapies

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the world's most alarming public health challenges because multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria increasingly render even last-line antibiotics ineffective, leading to substantially higher mortality rates.

Polymyxins are a class of antibiotics that remain among the few treatment options available for severe infections caused by resistant Escherichia coli.

But their widespread use is limited by serious side effects, including kidney and nerve toxicity. ...