Optimal Hamilton-type gradient estimates and large time heat kernel bounds for noncompact manifolds

We derive localized and global noncompact versions of Ham\-ilton's gradient estimate
for positive solutions to the heat equation on Riemannian manifolds with Ricci curvature bounded below.
Our estimates are essentially optimal and significantly improve on all previous estimates of this type.
As a main application, we obtain a {\it large time} logarithmic gradient estimate for the heat kernel, which is almost sharp and considerably improves on previously known results. Indeed, whereas the precise behavior was known in the small time range, the large time behavior was rather poorly understood and remained an essentially open problem, which we here solve to a large extent.
As further applications, we derive a new, space only, local pseudo-Harnack inequality, as well as estimates of the spatial modulus of continuity of solutions.